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Yacoo: so far the largest ever outbreak of the Ebola virus
2014-08-04
来源：转载自第三方
July 20, fatal Ebola virus may have landed in the capital of Nigeria, Lagos—the largest city in Africa. The suspected infected man came from Liberia recently. The largest ever Ebola virus outbreak is coming.
Ebola virus is one of the highest virus found so far, there is no effective therapy. The virus is usually transmitted by blood and other body fluids quickly, and it can cause Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The initial symptoms were sudden fever, headache, followed by vomiting, diarrhea and renal dysfunction, and finally bleeding in vitro and in vivo.
The Lagos case is the first case of cross-border transmission through air channels. Recently, countries have taken actions on the Ebola virus. The British Foreign Secretary announced that he would host a government meeting on the Ebola virus, with the main aim of coordinating action by various government departments to strengthen prevention and surveillance and to discuss emergency measures that should be taken in the event of an outbreak in the United Kingdom. Once the virus continues to infect people in Liberia, Guinea and Sierra Leone, there will be a risk of longer transmitting. But as Declan Butler from journal 《Nature》 notes, the Ebola virus will not pose a global threat.
Should we worried about that the virus has been spread to the most populous city in Africa?
At present, the World Health Organization (WHO) has not issued any travel or trade ban against the affected area. Up to July 30, WHO still believes that the Lagos case is "suspected" infection, because it has not yet been determined that the 40-year-old Liberians infected the Ebola virus. He was seized at the airport and rushed to the hospital until he died on 25 July. Assuming that he is infected with the Ebola virus, but if the airport and hospital isolation measures are proper, then the infected risk of health care workers and other people will be reduced.
The European CDC (ECDC) argues that the risk of people took public transport together with the infected man is "very low". In this case, however, the WHO recommends tracking the contacts.
What is the risk of the air traveler to export the virus to other countries?
ECDC also pointed out that an infected person from the initial site is unlikely to board the aircraft. In addition, the functional medical system can prevent the proliferation of output cases. In general, WHO expects that the risk of current epidemic spread to the neighboring countries is higher, and then some sub-regional is moderate, there is hardly a risk to spread overseas. There is no reason to assume that an output case can ignite a new outbreak because the Ebola virus is not highly contagious.
Is it difficult to infect Ebola?
Although in this outbreak, the Ebola virus strains seem to kill 56% of the infected person, but the main channel for current known infection with Ebola virus is directly exposed to the infected people's blood, secretions and other body fluids, or contact the body of the infected object. The incubation time for Ebola virus is from 2 to 21 days. So far, there is no evidence that the virus is airborne transmission.
In contrast, respiratory pathogens that cause common colds or flus can enter the air by coughing or sneezing, and may be infected as long as they breathe or contact contaminated surfaces such as door handles. Influenza viruses can spread to the rest of the world in days or weeks and may not be able to stop, but the Ebola virus only triggers sporadic partial outbreaks and can be extinguished.
Why are the epidemics in Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia escalating?
In principle, it is possible to extinguish the Ebola epidemic relying on public health measures—that is, identifying all infected persons—isolating and monitoring 21 days for all contacts and improving basic infection control measures. In addition, once a patient infected with Ebola virus has not been infected with other people until it appears, it will be easier to track the source than other diseases. Ebola virus in these countries is out of control, which is 肚due to the local social and cultural factors.
What is the kind of social and cultural factors?
Local health authorities and international organizations such as WHO and MSF are struggling to control the spread of the disease in these areas because of the lack of trust and cooperation among infected people. As villagers oppose, doctors and health workers are sometimes difficult to enter infected areas. The villagers worried that the doctor would bring the disease into the village. WHO data shows that not all infected people are receiving or seeking treatment, and then the virus transmitted to the family and other close contact.
The main driver of another new infection is the traditional burial ceremony normally carried out by the deceased's family, including the mourners who will be in direct physical contact with the deceased, so that it is easy to infect the Ebola virus.
Is the current epidemic extraodinary?
This is the largest outbreak ever recorded. WHO reported on July 25 that as of July 20, the three countries in West Africa, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone reported a total of 1093 cumulative cases of Ebola virus, of which 660 were fatal. While the latest data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows that in the United States 1201 people infected and 672 dead. Previously, in 2000 to 2001, the largest epidemic outbreak in Uganda, when 425 people were infected, 224 people were killed.
Ebola virus first appeared in 1976, a total of about 2,000 people died of the virus. In contrast, malaria can kill about 3,200 people in 1 day, snakes and other toxic animals can kill 55,000 lives a year.
Are there drugs and vaccines against Ebola virus?
There are no licensed drugs and vaccines to treat Ebola virus currently, although candidate drugs are still being developed. The new therapy will help reduce the high mortality rate of the disease—the past death rate is 25% to 89%, the average is about 62%. Jeremy Farrar, president of the British Wellcome Trust Foundation, supports the use of experimental, unapproved drugs in this epidemic. But other scientists believe that the mistrust of medical staff has hindered the control of the epidemic, such measures may be counterproductive because of manufacturing suspicion.
To control the current epidemic, what needs to be done?
Persuade people to believe in health workers and follow public health advice, The government needs to win public trust, advise people to safely bury the dead and continue to try to track and isolate infected and other contacts.
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